AR and cardiac hypertrophy: In cells, it was shown, that Testosterone and also DHT mediate their effects via androgen receptors (AR) and induce myocardial hypertrophy via two different ways: 1) in a DNA binding-dependent manner (genomic pathway) where androgens bind to the AR, translocate into the nucleus and act like a transcription factor or 2) in a non-DNA binding-dependent manner (non-genomical pathway) where androgens bind to the AR and activate rapid 2nd messenger signalling cascades, for example (23–27).