This has been the case in several preclinical studies, in which we used an adenovirus encoding murine IL-2 and TNFα controlled by a ubiquitously expressed cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, instead of the chimeric E2F promoter-driven TILT-123 which replicates and expresses transgenes only in tumour cells (31–35). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.