INS and Insulin resistance: IL-1β activates C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), induces serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), inhibits the expression of phosphoinositide-3-phosphate kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt) protein kinase (41), thus blocking the insulin/IRS-2/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in liver and leads to insulin resistance (33).