NFKB1 and endothelial dysfunction: Studies have also demonstrated that bile acids can induce endothelial dysfunction by enhancing expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin via stimulation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa of activated B cells) and p38 MAPK pathways (Soma et al., 2006).