CD274 and colon carcinoma: Moreover, the peptidoglycan from P. gingivalis molecules induces programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) up-regulation in colon carcinoma cells and mediates deep inhibition of T cells (involving activation of RIP2 and MAPK signaling pathways, and NOD1 and NOD2) (Adel-Khattab et al., 2021).