Chronic administration of typical antipsychotics in rodents adversely affects neuronal plasticity (57–62) and the expression of BDNF in a brain-region specific manner (36, 38, 40–42, 63), whereas atypical antipsychotics exert multiple neuroprotective effects in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (64–68), and in both in vivo (63, 69–73) and in vitro preclinical studies (74–78). The gene discussed is BDNF; the disease is schizophrenia.