GFAP and Anxiety: Rodgers et al. (2012) examined the connection between post-injury neuroinflammation and post-traumatic anxiety in a TBI rat model. In this study they utilized OX-42 to determine microglia activation and GFAP to determine astrocyte activation (Rodgers et al., 2012). They observed increased labeling for both microglia and astrocytes after injury (Rodgers et al., 2012). Rodgers et al. (2012) utilized ibudilast and determined ibudilast was capable of reducing reactive gliosis while also attenuating anxiety behaviors in post-TBI rats (Rodgers et al., 2012).