TNF and chronic kidney disease: Regardless of the underlying etiology, the inflammatory response is continuously activated in CKD, characterized by the recruitment of immune cell throughout the kidney, along with local overproduction of growth factors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukins, interferon (IFN)-γ, chemokines) and pro-fibrotic cytokines (Suárez-Fueyo et al., 2017; Cantero-Navarro et al., 2021).