CD48 and chronic kidney disease: In summary, this study identified two immune-related clusters in CKD patients by unsupervised clustering and used to elucidate the biological functions between different subtypes using a bioinformatics analysis approach.A diagnostic model based on five characteristic IRGs (CD48, CTSS, LYZ, ITGB2, and ISG20) identified by three machine algorithms was shown to have good ability to discriminate between subtypes.