Autoantibodies to islet cell antigens are a hallmark of T1D and are directed against the 65kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulin (IAA), insulinoma associated antigen-2 (IA-2A) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) (7, 8). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.