In particular, the PD-1/ PD-L1 cancer immunotherapy pathway demonstrated an elevated expression ratio in 11 genes (TNFRSF11B, B2M, HLA-DRB1, LCK, HLA-DMB, HLA-DOA, HLA-DMA, HLA-DRA, CIP2A, BCL2L1, and HLA-B), and diminished expression ratios in 4 genes (IL2, FOXP3, IL2RG, and TGFB2) between tumor tissue from Black and White patients (Fig 4B). Here, HLA-DOA is linked to cancer.