Not only does the presence of specific co-receptors enables the virus to infect cells with low ACE2 expression on membranes, but there is also growing evidence of the existence of alternative ACE2 pathways for target cell infection, utilizing immune receptors like neuropilin-1, C-lectin type receptors, Toll-like receptors and the non-immune receptor glucose regulated protein 78 (Amraei et al. 2021; Choudhury and Mukherjee 2020; Gadanec et al. 2021; Gao et al. 2020; Ibrahim et al. 2020). This evidence concerns the gene ACE2 and infection.