SNCA and Parkinson disease: Although C. elegans overexpressing α-synuclein damages dopaminergic neurons, the degeneration is not progressive, and α-synuclein inclusions are lacking.197,198Drosophila overexpressing wild-type (WT), A53T, and A30P α-synuclein showed many PD characteristics, including age-dependent, selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and Lewy body-like filamentous inclusions.199 Nevertheless, they do not express α-synuclein with the complexity of vertebrates, nor can these models exhibit key clinical features, such as resting tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity.