In addition, P-cad instructs cancer cells to acquire stem-like cell properties, thus contributing to the survival of aggressive breast cancer cells, and induces tumorigenic and metastatic capacity in in vivo breast cancer models (Paredes et al., 2004; Ribeiro et al., 2010, 2013; Vieira et al., 2012, 2014). This evidence concerns the gene CDH3 and cancer.