Aberrant expression of TF in cancer was reported over four decades ago,7 and has been described in a wide range of solid tumors, including breast, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic, bladder, cervical, esophageal, and colon cancer, HNSCC, NSCLC, and glioblastoma compared to normal tissue8 (Table 1). Here, TF is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.