SHMT2 knockdown significantly increased the apoptosis rate in ccRCC cells (Figs. 5C, S5B, S7A), and 3-MA treatment or Atg7 knockdown observably reduced apoptosis compared with the experimental group (Fig. 5C, S5B, S6D). This evidence concerns the gene SHMT2 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.