To investigate differential biological processes occurring at the tumor boundary niche, we performed enrichment analysis using boundary-specific gene expression to identify extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, collagen fibril organization, cell-substrate adhesion, positive regulation of chemotaxis, and response to TGF-β, which contributes to the formation of desmoplastic structure3,65–69. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.