ACE and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: According to the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) guideline in 2022, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), β-blockers (BB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) are recommended in symptomatic HFrEF, whereas bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents are suggested for COPD control [9, 12].