PIK3CD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: PI3K signalling is known to direct neutrophil migration (Liu et al., 2007; Nishio et al., 2007; Yoo et al., 2010), and inhibition of PI3Kδ or PI3Kγ restored migratory accuracy exhibited by neutrophils from healthy elder volunteers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, linking increased constitutive PI3K activity with inaccurate neutrophil migration and potentially enhanced bystander damage (Sapey et al., 2011, 2014).