AMPD3 and kidney failure: In skeletal muscle, the expression of AMPD3 is increased by the induction of muscle atrophy, such as fasting (Hong et al., 2017; Lecker et al., 2004; Milan et al., 2015), tumor development (Lecker et al., 2004), renal failure (Lecker et al., 2004), diabetes (Lecker et al., 2004), denervation (Milan et al., 2015), aging (Ibebunjo et al., 2013), and muscle unloading (Brocca et al., 2017).