These outcomes were then used to select fibers that were used in a 10-day, open-label, non-randomized study to determine if: (1) daily consumption of the prebiotic mixture for 10 days is tolerable (primary) and (2) safe for use in PD patients (secondary), and (3) impacts PD-relevant biological outcomes including microbiota, SCFA production, LPS-binding protein (LBP), zonulin, stool calprotectin, cytokines, C-reactive protein, high-mobility group box 1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurofilament light chain. Here, HMGB1 is linked to Parkinson disease.