Clinical factors included host characteristics (such as gender, age, and smoker status), comorbidities (such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and pre-existing cancer), and biochemical parameters (such as elevated creatinine, reduced albumin, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, elevated LDH, elevated C-reactive protein, elevated d-dimer, elevated leukocyte count and, elevated LDL levels). This evidence concerns the gene ALB and cancer.