Although previous studies found that NAFLD is a sexual dimorphism condition [59], no sex differences in genetic effects were found for SNPs in genes (or in high LD with genes) including PNPLA3, HSD17B13, TM6SF2, and GCKR [23], which were the selected genetic instruments for NAFLD in our MR analyses. Here, PNPLA3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.