Furthermore, an inverse causal association (beta: −0.280, 95% CI: −0.424 to −0.135; P < 0.001) between fasting insulin and SHBG levels, whereas a null causal association between either NAFLD (beta: −0.006, 95% CI: −0.023–0.010; P = 0.468) or fasting glucose (beta: −0.060, 95% CI: −0.141–0.020; P = 0.144) and SHBG levels, was observed (Fig. 3, panel c; Additional file 1: Table S6). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.