Our finding that strong IL-1β expression (indicated by arrow), which was not seen in AD mice, in the submucosal interstitial edematous tissue (indicated by an asterisk) of WT mice at 12 h after LPS challenge (Fig 7) supports the above hypothesis although TNF-α, IL-6 or the other cytokines are thought to be important. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Alzheimer disease.