We surmise that therapeutic vaccination-induced immunity controls further chlamydial dissemination to the testes from the penile urethra, in which infection persisted for more than 3 months (Supplementary Figure 7), which allows resident testicular macrophages the opportunity to enable the repair of infection-induced pathology, likely through IL10 production that is essential for epithelial protection and repair as seen in other tissues [51]. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is infection.