DDIT3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Secondly, TsIIA has also been proven to up-regulate the expression of key proteins in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis, including glucose regulatory protein 78 (BiP/GRP78), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor (IRE1-α), and its downstream target CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous egg white/growth arrest, and DNA damage inducing gene 153 (GADD153/CHOP), It leads to apoptosis of HCC cells through ER stress (32).