In CD8+ T cells, pDC depletion resulted in a significant decrease in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, granzyme B, perforin, IFN-γ, and TNF-α (Fig 4D), suggesting that pDCs play a role in activating these cytotoxic responses stimulated by CpG-ODN-treatment in LAM. Here, TNF is linked to lymphangioleiomyomatosis.