We also found an increase in IL12/23 in LAM lung tissues after CpG-ODN treatment (Fig 3E), which are important mediators of CD4+ T cell differentiation, with IL-23 pushing Th17 differentiation, which is consistent with the increased proportion of Th17 cells we also found in LAM lungs after CpG-ODN treatment. Here, CD4 is linked to lymphangioleiomyomatosis.