Subsequently, there are studies showed that voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in the mitochondrial membrane facilitates cytosolic mtDNA release in SLE, and TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) in cytoplasm promotes cytosolic mtDNA release in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis52,53. Here, VDAC1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.