TNF and neoplasm: M1 TAMs are induced by IFN-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF), TNF-α, and many other cytokines and are able to kill tumor cells, whereas M2 TAMs are activated mainly by interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, TGF-β, macrophage CSF, and other cytokines to promote tumor progression by activating a type 2 helper T cell–type immune response [92].