RGS12 and cancer: To further identify the role of macrophage RGS12 in oral cancer, we used LysmCre;RGS12fl/fl (RGS12 cKO) mice, which were produced by mating LysmCre with RGS12fl/fl mice (Fig. 2f) created previously in our laboratory.31 Surprisingly, with 8-week 4NQO induction, histological examination revealed a phenotype of invasive oral cancer in all RGS12 cKO mice compared with the control Cre mice with dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (CIS) (Fig. 2g).