For some cancers, including breast, pancreatic, colorectal, and prostate cancers, a high proportion of non-responders has been reported, one of the main causes of which is hypoxic stress.208 Hypoxia-induced HIF-1α can promote programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in cancer cells and suppress immune effects.209 Moreover, hypoxia plays a central role in cancer progression and resistance to therapy by promoting various changes in the biology of stromal cells in the TME, including immune cells. Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.