In the model with health system and socio-economic factors, luminal B, HER2 enriched, and triple-negative BC subtypes were found to be significantly associated with later-stage diagnosis of BC in our cohort when compared to luminal A. This is similar to what has been found elsewhere in Africa and high-income countries, for these more aggressive, faster-growing tumours [6, 14, 28]. Here, ERBB2 is linked to neoplasm.