MAPK3 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Accordingly, the systematic experiments in the present study demonstrated that (i) 6-shogaol arrests cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase and initiates apoptosis in both types of HNSCC cells, i.e., SCC4 and SCC25, to result in their cell death; (ii) these responses are regulated by the ERK1/2 and p38 signalings; and (iii) combined treatment of cisplatin with 6-shogaol could enhance the cytotoxic sensitivity of HNSCC cells to cisplatin (summarized in Fig. 7).