TNF and COVID-19: Cytokines seem to be central to the pathophysiology of COVID-19, playing either a beneficial (type-I interferon, IL-7) or a detrimental (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) role particularly in the context of cytokine storm, while the role of concomitant immunodeficiency is also noted involving impaired type-I interferon response and lymphopenia (25) (Figure 1).