CX3CL1 and endothelial dysfunction: Additionally, Tan IIA [127, 128] and CTS [129, 130] have also been recognized as inhibitors of the MAPKs (p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK1/2) and NF-κB pathway to abate the release of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) associated with endothelial dysfunction, chemokines represented by MCP-1, and adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and fractalkine/CX3CL1, which urge monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells.