In turn, this activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, invoking the production of inflammatory cytokines IFNα and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that subsequently activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways in BC cells, thereby supporting metastatic tumor growth and chemoresistance 41. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.