Overproduction of cytokines, including IL-17, IL-7, IL-1β, IL-9, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-γ, MCP1, MIP1A, MIP1B, CXCL10 and CXCL8, by monocytes and macrophages has been reported in severe COVID-19 cases (182, 228, 229). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and COVID-19.