PTGS2 and neoplasm: The signaling of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-PGE2 receptors is considered to be the central inflammatory pathway involved in gynecologic carcinogenesis (67), including angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis, inhibition, and immune evasion (68).