TGFβ and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways regulate the conversion of stromal fibroblasts to CAFs in response to a wide range of stimuli, including osteopontin (OPN), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and others that are part of the secretome of the immunological or cancer cells (Fiori et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and cancer.