Other approaches involve the use of viral vaccines to broaden the cytotoxic range of therapy effects on tumor cells, and CAFs combined (Chen et al., 2015), CAF-directed drug conjugates, inhibition of CTLA-4 and PD-L1 stagnating tumor progression by increasing intratumoral CD8+and CD4+ T-cells while reducing T regulatory cell count and overall immunosuppressive actions (Fiegle et al., 2019), CXCL12 and CXCR4 inhibition of induced metastasis and invasiveness (Izumi et al., 2016), targeting CAF immune evasion mechanisms, and finally CAF depletion. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.