INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Fasting insulin independently predicted TNF-α expression in the post treatment OCP group, which validates that IR is directly interlinked with various low-grade tissue-specific inflammatory responses induced by multiple proinflammatory mediators, notably proinflammatory cytokines such as ICAM-1 and TNF-α which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of T2DM [63–65].