A Listeria-based HCC vaccine could activate the NF-κB pathway in TAMs through modulating the TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) and MYD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88) pathways, recruit p62 to activate autophagy pathways, skew M2-polarized TAMs to M1-polarized TAMs and promote PD-L1 expression in HCC cells but cause resensitization of the local tumor T cells to PD-1 immunotherapy [63]. Here, TLR2 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.