CD4 and neoplasm: ACM derived from OGJ patients with early-stage and late-stage tumours significantly increased the expression of TIGIT on the surface of CD4+ T cells (untrx: 11.80 ± 0.5 vs. early-stage: 15.86 ± 0.7%, p = 0.006, late-stage: 17.45 ± 1.0%, p = 0.003) and CD8+ T cells (untrx: 8.05 ± 0.3 vs. early-stage: 12.19 ± 0.9%, p = 0.02, late-stage: 13.21 ± 1.5%, p = 0.009) compared with untreated cells (Fig. 2A).