TNF and cancer: TNF-α has been implicated in several cancer types in promoting tumour cell migration invasion and metastasis (Cruceriu et al. 2020), as well as promoting pro-tumourigenic immune cell phenotypes such as neutrophils (Vieira et al. 2009) and tumour-associated macrophages (Parameswaran and Patial 2010) and promoting resistance to current standard of care regimens via enhancing an apoptotic tumour cell resistant phenotype (Kern 2019).