ACM derived from OGJ patients with early-stage tumours and late-stage tumours significantly increased the expression of CD27 on the surface of CD8+ T cells compared with untreated cells (untrx: 41.47 ± 2.7 vs. early-stage: 64.29 ± 4.8%, p = 0.008 and late-stage: 60.75 ± 6.7%, p = 0.01) (Fig. 1A). Here, CD27 is linked to neoplasm.