ACM derived from OGJ patients with early-stage and late-stage tumours significantly decreased the expression of CTLA-4 on the surface of CD4+ T cells (untrx: 9.12 ± 1.7 vs. early-stage: 4.80 ± 0.7%, p = 0.04, late-stage: 4.34 ± 0.7%, p = 0.01) and CD8+ T cells (untrx: 11.70 ± 2.0 vs. early-stage: 4.75 ± 1.0%, p = 0.04, late-stage: 4.33 ± 0.8%, p = 0.02) compared with untreated cells (Fig. 2A). Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.