Furthermore, other signaling pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase, the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, and Rho-like GTPase, have also been shown to play a role in TGF-β1-facilitated pulmonary fibrosis [16–18]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary fibrosis.