As TFs determined the cell fate27, firstly, we compared inferred TF activities between the tumor tissues and NATs and found that intestine-specific TFs, including ELF3, HNF4A, and VDR, and esophagus-specific TFs, including RARG and ARNTL2, were upregulated in tumor tissues; however, stomach-specific TFs, such as MYRF, were downregulated (Supplementary Fig. 2d). This evidence concerns the gene HNF4A and neoplasm.