Since oxidative stress is a key molecular mechanism underlying diabetic nephropathy, including inflammation, fibrosis, and endothelial dysfunction (44, 45), we evaluated the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative stress marker, in the kidney tissue and urine, as well as the expression of Il-6 and Tgfβ genes. Here, TGFB1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.