TGFBR1 and central nervous system cancer: By analyzing the main signaling pathways that induce the EMT phenotype, we found that TGF-β was the most important one in gliomas, and TGFB1/TGFBR1 showed stronger immunosuppressive properties than PD-L1 and CTLA-4, especially in inducing an increase in CD8+ T cytopenia and M2 macrophages.