IL3 and infection: Although B1 cells have not been studied in the context of Plasmodium infection, only study involving murine model with Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL infection characterized the splenic B1 B-cell plasmablasts during infection with their ability to express granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) cytokines during malarial pathogenesis (Chin et al., 2019).