INS and steatosis: Ceramides, which are biologically active lipids, link nutrient excess to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contributing to a proinflammatory insulin resistant environment and the development of steatosis.46,47 Here, we found that hepatic total ceramide levels were significantly reduced in the group of mice supplemented with ω-3 PUFA-rich oil only compared with the HF control group (Figure S6A), with no effect in fat-1 transgenic mice (Figure S5A).