IL6 and Cognitive impairment: This association between neuroinflammation and long-term cognitive impairment suggests that there may be a similar role for IL-6 in the development of cognitive impairment that occurs after surgery, which are known collectively as Perioperative Neurocognitive disorders (PND) (Subramaniyan and Terrando, 2019; Barreto Chang et al., 2022a).