TNF and Mental deterioration: Perioperative neutralization of either HMGB1 (Vacas et al., 2014; Terrando et al., 2016) tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) (Terrando et al., 2010), IL-1β, (Cibelli et al., 2010) or IL-6 (Hu et al., 2018) can block the development of postoperative cognitive decline but may also interfere with healing.