The commonest autoantibody markers present in T1D are insulin autoantibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies, islet antigen 2 (IA-2) autoantibodies and variants of the zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) autoantibodies (85, 86). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.