Moreover, biological mothers of children with FXS, who are carriers of the FMR1 gene premutation or full mutation (i.e., FXS), have an increased genetic risk for experiencing mental health challenges above and beyond the stress associated with parenting a child with FXS (e.g., Gossett et al., 2016; Hagerman et al., 2018; Johnston et al., 2003), as well as other cognitive and medical challenges (Wheeler et al., 2014). Here, FMR1 is linked to fragile X syndrome.